Foundational Materials

https://bit.ly/arg83
last modified: 2026-10-03 (7:17)
All of these materials have been approved by NASA for public release.

On Arguments and Related Concepts

• A Primer on Argument.
  https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210019993
  C. Michael Holloway & Kimberly S. Wasson. 2021.
• A Friendly Argument Notation (FAN): 2023 Version.
  https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20230004423
  C. Michael Holloway. 2023.
• A Primer on Argument Assessment.
  https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210022807
  C. Michael Holloway & Kimberly S. Wasson. 2021.
• Video tutorial created by C. Michael Holloway. 2022. The Overarching Properties and Overarching Properties Related Arguments (OPRAs): Part 2: Argument: terminology and principles, assessment, FAN. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nw1LDrV_EqI&t=7s
• Towards a Coherent View of Evidence in Safety Assurance
  https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20230003336
  Finlay McCardel, C. Michael Holloway, Kimberly Wasson, Neil McDonnell, Mallory Graydon, Abel Peña, and Sarah Lehman. 2023.
• Aggregating Confidence: A Problem and A Solution
  https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20230012813
  Stella Cohen, Rose Gotlieb, C. Michael Holloway, Sarah Lehman. 2023.
• Detangling Safety Knowledge with Contextualism
  https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20240015747
  Mary Chen. 2025.
• Examining Proposed Uses of LLMs to Produce or Assess Assurance Arguments
  https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20250001849
  Mallory Graydon, Sarah Lehman. 2025.
• Rational Reasons for Realistic Reliance (R^2R^2)
  https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20260008122
  Victoria Tan. 2026.

On Overarching Properties

• Understanding the Overarching Properties.
  https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20190029284
  C. Michael Holloway. 2020.
  (This document was officially approved by the Overarching Properties Working Group).
  
• False Beliefs About the Overarching Properties and Overarching Properties Related Arguments.
  https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220008513
  C. Michael Holloway. 2022.
  41st Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Portsmouth, Virginia. September 18-22.
• From Skepticism to Understanding: Correcting Misconceptions About Overarching Properties
  https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20250006016
  Zamira Daw, C. Michael Holloway. 2025.
• Extending the Overarching Properties with Ethical Principles
  https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20260004495
  Taylor Thoman. 2026.
• Video tutorial created by C. Michael Holloway. 2022. The Overarching Properties and Overarching Properties Related Arguments (OPRAs): Part 1: The Overarching Properties: preliminaries, philosophy, history, details https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nw1LDrV_EqI&t=7s

On Overarching Properties Related Arguments (OPRAs)

• An Introduction to Constructing and Assessing Overarching Properties Related Arguments (OPRAs).
  https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210025425
  Kimberly S. Wasson & C. Michael Holloway. 2022.
  (This document was officially approved by the Overarching Properties Working Group).
  
• False Beliefs About the Overarching Properties and Overarching Properties Related Arguments.
  https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220008513
  C. Michael Holloway. 2022.
  41st Digital Avionics Systems Conference. Portsmouth, Virginia. September 18-22.
• Video tutorial created by C. Michael Holloway. 2022. The Overarching Properties and Overarching Properties Related Arguments (OPRAs): Part 3: Overarching Properties Related Arguments: uniqueness, assessment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nw1LDrV_EqI&t=7s